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Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines (first used as a new class of therapeutic drugs in 1989 ) encode the desired antigens from an mRNA sequence. When the body is re-exposed to the target antigens, such as those carried by real pathogens, it is able to produce antibodies which neutralise the antigens and therefore prevents infection. Vaccines induce immune responses by simulating the infection process inside the human body and enabling it to develop lasting immunity. Since the first vaccine was developed for smallpox more than200 years ago, vaccines have greatly improved population health for communities around the world by significantly reducing the disease burden of common infections such as measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, typhoid and tetanus. Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. As a result, stopping the spread of COVID-19 continues to be the top priority for global communities and healthcare systems. Even in developed countries such as the USA, Germany and Italy, the observed case fatality ratio remains above 1%, whereas in Mexico the figure stands at an alarming 9.1%. Some countries have shown consistent high positive test rates, including Mexico (36.87%, 7/100 000 tested), Argentina (63.77%, 83/100 000 tested), Ecuador (40.56%, 34/100 000 tested) and India (21.64% with daily confirmed case numbers above 350 000). Although preventative measures such as physical distancing and improved hygiene practices have been effective in many countries, the number of positive cases is still rising rapidly in numerous regions around the world. Since corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019, it has grown into a global pandemic with more than a hundred million people infected and over two million deaths worldwide. Finally, we discuss some of the unanswered concerns about mRNA vaccines, such as unknown long-term side effects, and present with our perspectives on future developments in this exciting area.
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As epitope study is a primary component in the in silico design of mRNA vaccines, we also survey on advanced bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms which have been used for epitope prediction, and review on user-friendly software tools available for this purpose. This review summarises the current progresses of mRNA vaccines designed for a range of diseases including COVID-19.
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Interestingly, mRNA vaccines may also be useful for preventing non-infectious diseases such as diabetes and cancer. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 which caused the pandemic, mRNA vaccines have been developed and tested to prevent infectious diseases caused by other viruses such as Zika virus, the dengue virus, the respiratory syncytial virus, influenza H7N9 and Flavivirus. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have recently emerged as a new type of vaccine technology, showing strong potential to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.